CDX2 is a homeobox gene that encodes an intestine-specific transcription factor and is expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells of the intestine, from duodenum to rectum. The CDX2 protein is expressed in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas (1,2). It has also been identified in primary ovarian mucinous tumors and metastatic mucinous carcinomas involving the […]
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an antibody isotype secreted by plasma cells and composed of four peptide chains – two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains arranged in a Y-shape typical of antibody monomers (1). In humans, IgG consists of four subclasses that differ only marginally in their amino acid composition (1). Representing approximately […]
A monoclonal antibody cocktail targeted against mini-chromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) and DNA topoisomerase IIA (TOP2A), when up regulated, serves as a marker of aberrant S-phase induction in proliferating cells.15 MCM2, as part of a hexameric pre-replication complex, drives the formation of pre-replicative complexes during DNA replication, a critical initial step during G1 phase.16 TOP2A […]
CD138/syndecan-1 is an excellent marker for identifying plasma cells, as CD138 is a transmembrane heparin proteoglycan present on the surface membrane of plasma cells that remains active in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded bone marrow sections. Other hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells and lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas in bone marrow are CD138 negative (1). CD138 is also expressed in fibroblasts, keratinocytes […]
Tumor cells can express the PD-L1 protein to protect themselves from immune system attack by binding to the PD-1 receptor on T cells, which suppresses the T cells’ ability to destroy the tumor.15 PD-L1 is frequently over expressed in placenta, and many human tumors such as melanoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and carcinomas of the […]
FOXP3 is a forkhead transcription factor family member involved in T-cell regulation, activation and differentiation. FOXP3 has been shown to be a master control gene for the development and function of CD4 /CD25 regulatory T-cells. In IHC, FOXP3 has been shown to be a specific marker for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (1). In melanoma and in […]
CD4 is expressed in a T-cell subset (helper/inducer) and is found in approximately 80% of thymocytes and in 45% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. CD4 is expressed in the majority of T-cell lymphomas including mycosis fungoides, a common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (1). CD8 has been shown to be an important marker in the analysis […]
CD1a is a protein of 43 to 49 kDa and is expressed on dendritic cells and cortical thymocytes (1,2). CD1a [O10] staining has been shown to be useful in the differentiation of Langerhans cells from interdigitating cells. It has also proved useful for phenotyping Langerhans cell histiocytosis (2,3). CD1a may be a novel biomarker for […]
The CD8 antibody reacts with the 32 kDa CD8 protein. CD8 stains cells with cytotoxic activity, including cortical thymocytes, cytotoxic/suppressor T-cells and a subset of natural killer cells. CD4 and CD8 positive and negative staining are indicative of T-cell neoplasms (1-2). CD4 and CD8 may also be used to differentiate between mycosis fungoides and cutaneous […]
CD4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein, expressed on normal thymocytes, T-helper cells, the majority of mature peripheral T cells, and a subset of suppressor or cytotoxic T cells (1). Like many cell surface receptors/markers, CD4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. CD4 is expressed in the majority of T-cell lymphomas, including mycosis fungoides (2). CD4 […]
