![Loss of SMAD4 [EP618Y] antibody on pancreatic cancer tissue](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3242.jpg)
SMAD4 is a DNA-binding protein that belongs to the SMAD family of transcription factors. Activated SMAD4 complexes accumulate in the nucleus and act as mediators of TGF-β signal transduction (1,2). SMAD4 mutations or deletions are linked to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome, and juvenile polyposis syndrome (1). SMAD4 mutations or deletions have also been implicated in […]
![Breast cancer stained with BCA-225 [Cu-18] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3241-1.jpg)
BCA-225 (Breast Cancer Antigen 225) is a 225 kD glycoprotein present in human breast carcinoma cells, as well as adenocarcinomas of the breast, kidney, ovary, and lung (1,2). Antibody clone Cu-18 was identified as specifically recognizing BCA-225 in breast carcinomas, in both the primary tumor and its metastatic derivatives (3,4). BCA-225 is considered to be […]
T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory domain (TIGIT) is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor expressed in regulatory and memory T cells, natural killer (NK), and activated T cells (1). As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, TIGIT has coinhibitory effects on T-cell dependent immune responses, playing an important role in transplantation tolerance and tumor immune surveillance […]
CD8 [C8/1779R] is a rabbit monoclonal antibody that is intended for laboratory use in the qualitative identification of CD8a protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues. The clinical interpretation of any staining or its absence should be complemented by morphological studies using proper controls and should be evaluated within the context of […]
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is a cell surface co-receptor member of the CD28/CTLA-4 family, and functions as a downregulator of the immune system through a dual mechanism of inhibition (1). PD-1 is expressed on the cell surface of activated T- and B-cells. Anti-tumor immunity may be controlled by the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. PD-L1, one of […]
LAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3) is a surface receptor expressed on activated T cells, an exhaustion marker with immunosuppressive activity (1). Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) is a ligand for LAG-3; additional ligands (e.g., LSECtin and galectin-3) have also been identified (1,2). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing LAG-3 have enhanced suppressive activity, whereas cytotoxic […]
GITR (Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-R-related protein, TNFRSF18, CD357) is a co-stimulatory cell surface receptor constitutively expressed at high levels on T regulatory cells (Tregs), at intermediate levels on NK cells, and at low levels on naïve and memory T cells, and macrophage and dendritic cells (DCs) (1-2). Of all immune subsets studied, activated Tregs exhibit the highest […]
SATB2 (special AT-rich sequence binding 2) is a 733-amino acid human DNA-binding protein involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling (1,2). SATB2 protein expression in normal human tissue was found in the epithelium of the lower gastrointestinal tract (including appendix, colon, and rectum), as well as specific neurons (in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus), non–germinal […]
![Colorectal carcinoma stained with MSH6 [BC19]](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3215_MSH6-BC19.jpg)
MSH6 functions, along with MSH2, MLH1, and PMS2, as part of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway, are utilized by normal proliferating cells to repair mutations that may occur during DNA replication.16 MSH6 is a heterodimer of MSH2 and binds to DNA containing G/T mismatches. The MSH2-MSH6 complex recognizes a single-based mispair insertion/deletion loop.15,16 Antibodies […]
![Colorectal carcinoma stained with MLH-1 [BC23]](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3214_MLH-1-BC23.jpg)
The BC23 antibody recognizes human and mouse MLH1 (80-85 kDa). The repair of mismatch DNA is essential to maintaining the integrity of genetic information over time. An alteration of microsatellite repeats is the result of slippage owing to strand misalignment during DNA replication and is referred to as microsatellite instability (MSI) (1-3). These defects in […]
