LAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3) is a surface receptor expressed on activated T cells, an exhaustion marker with immunosuppressive activity (1). Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) is a ligand for LAG-3; additional ligands (e.g., LSECtin and galectin-3) have also been identified (1,2). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing LAG-3 have enhanced suppressive activity, whereas cytotoxic […]
SATB2 (special AT-rich sequence binding 2) is a 733-amino acid human DNA-binding protein involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling (1,2). SATB2 protein expression in normal human tissue was found in the epithelium of the lower gastrointestinal tract (including appendix, colon, and rectum), as well as specific neurons (in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus), non–germinal […]
CD10, also known as common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CALLA), has been shown to react with B and T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (1-3). CD10 has also been a very important marker in a panel, including CD20, CD5, CD23, cyclin D1, SOX11, BCL6 among others, to differentiate between small […]
MART-1 recognizes a protein of 18 kDa, identified at MART-1 (Melanoma Antigen Recognized by T cells 1). MART-1 is a useful addition to melanoma panels as it is specific for melanocytic lesions (1- 3). Studies have shown that MART-1 is more sensitive than HMB45 when labeling metastatic melanomas (3). Tyrosinase is a key enzyme involved […]
Retineic-acid-receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma (RORγt) is considered to be one of the master regulators in the development of T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells), which have an essential role in the development of many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis (1). RORγT was initially identified as a transcription […]
Cytotoxic lymphocytes, including NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), play a major role in the defense against neoplastic processes and viral infections (1). Granule exocytosis is the mechanism by which cytotoxic lymphocytes may induce lysis of its target. This involves granule-associated cytotoxic proteins, including the T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1), perforin and granzyme B (1,2). […]
Breast Cocktail (CK HMW/p63 + CK7/8/18) is comprised of mouse monoclonal anti-CK HMW and anti-p63 antibodies as well as rabbit monoclonal anti-CK7 and mouse monoclonal anti-CK8/18 antibodies. CK HMW (high molecular weight cytokeratin) is expressed in the cytoplasm of basal cells and myoepithelium of breast tissue (1-4). p63 is a transcription factor present in the […]
CK5 and CK14 are high molecular weight cytokeratins expressed in a variety of normal and neoplastic epithelial tissues (1). In prostate tissue, mRNA for CK5 and CK14 has been detected in the basal cells of normal glands and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), a precursor lesion to prostatic adenocarcinoma; however, expression of CK5 or CK14 was […]
FOXP3 [86D] is a mouse monoclonal antibody that is intended for laboratory use in the qualitative identification of FOXP3 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues. The clinical interpretation of any staining or its absence should be complemented by morphological studies using proper controls and should be evaluated within the context of […]
The Ki-67 nuclear antigen is associated with cell proliferation and found throughout the cell cycle; though not in G0 phase (1,2). The assessment of Ki-67 proliferation in breast cancers has shown the Ki-67 labelling index is an important predictor of survival (3). Cytokeratin (CK) 7 is expressed in epithelial cells of the ovary, lung and […]
