![Colon Ca stained with BRAF V600E [VE1] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3248.jpg)
BRAF, a serine-threonine protein kinase, is a member of the RAF kinase family and plays an important role in the RAS-RAF-MAPK signaling pathway, which regulates cell survival, proliferation and differentiation.(1) Mutations in BRAF results in pathway alteration and sustained kinase activity which lead to carcinogenesis. The bulk of these mutations occur when an amino acid […]
![Breast carcinoma stained with PCNA [PC10] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3255.jpg)
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is necessary for DNA synthesis and is an accessory protein for DNA polymerase alpha, which is elevated during the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. PCNA forms a ring around a portion of DNA, serving to anchor the various DNA replication and repair proteins and to regulate proliferation throughout the […]
![Astrocytoma stained with IDH1 R132H [IHC132] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3253.jpg)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, producing NADPH.15 However, abnormal IDH1 caused by somatic missense mutations may occur when substitution from arginine to histidine at codon 132 (IDH1 R132H) inhibits the wild-type IDH1 enzymatic activity, leading to production of 2- hydroxyglutarate, a possible oncometabolite. The […]
ATRX plays a role in chromatin regulation and maintenance of telomeres. It regulates incorporation of histone H3.3 into telomeric chromatin (1). ATRX is also a major component of various essential cellular pathways such as DNA replication and repair, chromatin higher-order structure regulation, gene transcriptional regulation, etc. (2) ATRX loss was observed in grades II/III astrocytomas, […]
![Prostate cancer stained with NKX3.1 [D2Y1A] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3260.jpg)
NKX3.1 is located in chromosome 8p and encodes a homeodomain transcription factor whose expression is largely restricted to the prostate and controlled by the androgen hormone.1 Loss of function of NKX3.1 results in human prostrate carcinoma and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). NKX3.1 stains nuclei in both normal and prostate cancer providing a robust stain that […]
![Tonsil stained with TIGIT [BC41] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3254.jpg)
T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory domain (TIGIT) is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor expressed in regulatory and memory T cells, natural killer (NK), and activated T cells (1). As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, TIGIT has coinhibitory effects on T-cell dependent immune responses, playing an important role in transplantation tolerance and tumor immune surveillance […]
![Solitary fibrous tumor stained with STAT6 [YE361] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3244.jpg)
STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) is a member of the STAT family of cytoplasmic transcription factors, which regulate gene expression by transmitting signals to the nucleus and binding to specific DNA promoter sequences. STAT6 is composed of a DNA-binding domain, a C-terminal transcriptional activation domain, and a SH2 domain. STAT signaling is […]
![Melanoma stained with PRAME [EPR20330] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3252.jpg)
PRAME is located on chromosome 22q11.22 and encodes a 509 amino acid protein. PRAME is an autosomal cancer-testis antigen (CTA) gene which has been shown to be expressed in melanoma, various nonmelanocytic malignant neoplasms, including non-small cell lung cancer, breast carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, leukemia, synovial sarcoma, and myxoid liposarcoma. Normal healthy tissues […]
p16 INK4a is a tumor suppressor protein involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies and is a 16.5 kDa protein expressed in the nucleoplasm of proliferating cells, functioning as an inhibitor of CDK4. Recent analyses of the p16INK4a gene revealed homozygous deletions, nonsense, missense, or frameshift mutations in several human cancers. p16 INK4a […]
BAP1 (BRCA-1 Associated Protein-1) is an 80 kDa protein known to function as a deubiquitinase (DUB); removing ubiquitin modifiers, which alter the function of other proteins via targeted degradation, subcellular localization, or activity (1). By removing ubiquitin, BAP1 helps regulate the function of target proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. Germline mutations in the BAP1 […]
