T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory domain (TIGIT) is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor expressed in regulatory and memory T cells, natural killer (NK), and activated T cells (1). As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, TIGIT has coinhibitory effects on T-cell dependent immune responses, playing an important role in transplantation tolerance and tumor immune surveillance […]
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is a cell surface co-receptor member of the CD28/CTLA-4 family, and functions as a downregulator of the immune system through a dual mechanism of inhibition (1). PD-1 is expressed on the cell surface of activated T- and B-cells. Anti-tumor immunity may be controlled by the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. PD-L1, one of […]
LAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3) is a surface receptor expressed on activated T cells, an exhaustion marker with immunosuppressive activity (1). Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) is a ligand for LAG-3; additional ligands (e.g., LSECtin and galectin-3) have also been identified (1,2). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing LAG-3 have enhanced suppressive activity, whereas cytotoxic […]
GITR (Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-R-related protein, TNFRSF18, CD357) is a co-stimulatory cell surface receptor constitutively expressed at high levels on T regulatory cells (Tregs), at intermediate levels on NK cells, and at low levels on naïve and memory T cells, and macrophage and dendritic cells (DCs) (1-2). Of all immune subsets studied, activated Tregs exhibit the highest […]
Retineic-acid-receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma (RORγt) is considered to be one of the master regulators in the development of T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells), which have an essential role in the development of many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis (1). RORγT was initially identified as a transcription […]
CD71 (transferrin receptor), a cell surface proliferation marker, is involved in the cellular uptake of iron.15,17 CD71 has been shown to exhibit strong membranous and cytoplasmic staining in all erythroid precursors of normal and dyspeptic bone marrow biopsies.15,16
The CD8 antibody reacts with the 32 kDa CD8 protein. CD8 stains cells with cytotoxic activity, including cortical thymocytes, cytotoxic/suppressor T-cells and a subset of natural killer cells. CD4 and CD8 positive and negative staining are indicative of T-cell neoplasms (1-2). CD4 and CD8 may also be used to differentiate between mycosis fungoides and cutaneous […]
Research has shown that deletions of PTEN occur at a very high frequency in prostate cancer.1 Other studies have demonstrated an association between decreased PTEN protein expression and a higher Gleason grade and advanced tumor stage.2 In a study by Yoshimoto it was demonstrated that the presence of PTEN genomic losses are frequent at diagnosis […]
The CSF1R gene is consistently lost by partial deletions occurring in chromosome 5 in patients with Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)1. Specific deletion of the CSFS1R gene has been detected in as many as 40% of MDS patients. Studies have also shown that up to 58% of all breast carcinomas and 85% of invasive breast carcinomas express […]
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a sub-family of growth factors, more specifically of platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors. They are important signaling proteins involved in both vasculogenesis (the formation of the embryonic circulatory system) and angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature) (2-3). In certain cancers, high VEGF expression […]
