LAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3) is a surface receptor expressed on activated T cells, an exhaustion marker with immunosuppressive activity (1). Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) is a ligand for LAG-3; additional ligands (e.g., LSECtin and galectin-3) have also been identified (1,2). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing LAG-3 have enhanced suppressive activity, whereas cytotoxic […]
GITR (Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-R-related protein, TNFRSF18, CD357) is a co-stimulatory cell surface receptor constitutively expressed at high levels on T regulatory cells (Tregs), at intermediate levels on NK cells, and at low levels on naïve and memory T cells, and macrophage and dendritic cells (DCs) (1-2). Of all immune subsets studied, activated Tregs exhibit the highest […]
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a member of the CD28 superfamily and is a negative regulator of T cell-mediated immune responses. CTLA-4 exhibits cell surface and intracellular constitutive expression on memory T-cells and at a low level by T-regulatory cells (Tregs; 2-4% of circulating CD4+ T cells) (1,2). CTLA-4 primarily inactivates T-cell activity by […]
Retineic-acid-receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma (RORγt) is considered to be one of the master regulators in the development of T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells), which have an essential role in the development of many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis (1). RORγT was initially identified as a transcription […]
FOXP3 [86D] is a mouse monoclonal antibody that is intended for laboratory use in the qualitative identification of FOXP3 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues. The clinical interpretation of any staining or its absence should be complemented by morphological studies using proper controls and should be evaluated within the context of […]
CDX2 is a homeobox gene that encodes an intestine-specific transcription factor and is expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells of the intestine, from duodenum to rectum. The CDX2 protein is expressed in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas (1,2). It has also been identified in primary ovarian mucinous tumors and metastatic mucinous carcinomas involving the […]
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an antibody isotype secreted by plasma cells and composed of four peptide chains – two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains arranged in a Y-shape typical of antibody monomers (1). In humans, IgG consists of four subclasses that differ only marginally in their amino acid composition (1). Representing approximately […]
Tumor cells can express the PD-L1 protein to protect themselves from immune system attack by binding to the PD-1 receptor on T cells, which suppresses the T cells’ ability to destroy the tumor.15 PD-L1 is frequently over expressed in placenta, and many human tumors such as melanoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and carcinomas of the […]
FOXP3 is a forkhead transcription factor family member involved in T-cell regulation, activation and differentiation. FOXP3 has been shown to be a master control gene for the development and function of CD4 /CD25 regulatory T-cells. In IHC, FOXP3 has been shown to be a specific marker for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (1). In melanoma and in […]
CD4 is expressed in a T-cell subset (helper/inducer) and is found in approximately 80% of thymocytes and in 45% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. CD4 is expressed in the majority of T-cell lymphomas including mycosis fungoides, a common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (1). CD8 has been shown to be an important marker in the analysis […]
