CA 19-9, a carbohydrate antigenic determinant identified as a sialylated lactoN-fucopentose II, is related to the Lewis blood group.15 The CA 19-9 antibody has been shown to label adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, stomach, colon and gall bladder. CA 19-9 is also expressed in primary and metastatic ovarian carcinomas.16-18
Heat-induced epitope retrieval methods (HIER) are used to pretreat tissues for optimum antibody-antigen reaction. Many different kinds of heat retrieval methods are used. These include the following: microwave, waterbath, steamers and pressure cooker methods. These methods were developed to “Standardize” immunohistochemistry for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Heat retrieval methods’ lack of “standardization” and quality control (QC) […]
The Rabbit-on-Canine AP-Polymer is designed using a one-step method for detecting rabbit primary antibodies to form an antibody-enzyme complex. This complex is then visualized using an appropriate substrate/chromogen. In the one-step method a secondary antibody directly linked to the micro polymer is applied. Rabbit-on-Canine AP-Polymer is provided ready-to-use and is intended to be applied as […]
Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA-9) is a transmembrane zinc metalloenzyme which has a function in cell-cell adhesion and plays an important role in tumor growth and survival under normoxia and hypoxia.15 Upregulation of CA-9 in tumors is an effective adaptive response to hypoxia and increases the tumor cell survival.16 CA-9 expression is mostly restricted to the […]
Glucagon, a 29-amino acid peptide, is secreted from the α-cells in the pancreas and from the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract.15 Glucagon-secreting alpha-cells and insulin-secreting beta-cells make up the majority of the endocrine cell population within the pancreatic islets, and they work together to maintain glucose homeostasis.16 Glucagon works by binding to its glucagon […]
![Breast cancer stained with BCA-225 [Cu-18] antibody](https://biocare.net/wp-content/uploads/3241-1.jpg)
BCA-225 (Breast Cancer Antigen 225) is a 225 kD glycoprotein present in human breast carcinoma cells, as well as adenocarcinomas of the breast, kidney, ovary, and lung (1,2). Antibody clone Cu-18 was identified as specifically recognizing BCA-225 in breast carcinomas, in both the primary tumor and its metastatic derivatives (3,4). BCA-225 is considered to be […]
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a member of the CD28 superfamily and is a negative regulator of T cell-mediated immune responses. CTLA-4 expression is induced on the surface of T cells after CD28 binding and activation, and is constitutively expressed on T-regulatory cells, acting as an immune checkpoint inhibitor, downregulating T cell activity. (1-3). […]
E-Cadherin is a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a key role in cellcell adhesion in epithelial tissues (1-2). The adherens junction between epithelial cells is comprised of extracellular domains of E-Cadherin from adjacent cells, which interact through a molecular zipper motif. In normal tissues, immunostaining of E-Cadherin is localized to the membrane of epithelial cells, consistent […]
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is a cell surface co-receptor member of the CD28/CTLA-4 family, and functions as a downregulator of the immune system through a dual mechanism of inhibition (1). PD-1 is expressed on the cell surface of activated T- and B-cells. Anti-tumor immunity may be controlled by the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. PD-L1, one of […]
LAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3) is a surface receptor expressed on activated T cells, an exhaustion marker with immunosuppressive activity (1). Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) is a ligand for LAG-3; additional ligands (e.g., LSECtin and galectin-3) have also been identified (1,2). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing LAG-3 have enhanced suppressive activity, whereas cytotoxic […]
